8 Kirchin MA, Pirovano G, Venetianer C, Spinazzi A.Hepatobiliary contrast agents for contrast-enhanced MRI of the liver: properties, clinical development and applications. Sequential hemodynamic change in hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules: CT angiography and pathologic correlation. Focal nodular hyperplasia: morphologic and functional information from MR imaging with gadobenate dimeglumine. 5 Grazioli L, Morana G, Federle MP et al.Risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: evaluation of gadolinium chelate contrast agents at four American universities. 4 Wertman R, Altun E, Martin DR et al.Contrast agents for MR imaging of the liver. Dynamic MR imaging of the liver with Gd-DTPA: initial clinical results. 2 Edelman RR, Siegel JB, Singer A, Dupuis K, Long-maid HE.MR contrast agents for liver imaging: what, when, how. 1 Gandhi SN, Brown MA, Wong JG, Aguirre DA, Sirlin CB.In the future, hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents may have wider applications, such as grading of cirrhosis and quantification of liver function. Biliary excretion of these agents can be used to evaluate the anatomic structure and function of the biliary tree. In the liver, hepatobiliary-specific agents can be used to improve lesion detection, to characterize lesions as hepatocellular or nonhepatocellular, and to specifically characterize some hepatocellular lesions, notably focal nodular hyperplasia. These three MR contrast agents vary in mode of administration and dose, mechanism of cellular uptake, degree of excretion through the biliary pathway, and imaging characteristics. The three contrast agents that have been developed are mangafodipir trisodium (Mn-DPDP), gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA), and gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA). These agents are taken up by functioning hepatocytes and excreted in the bile, and their paramagnetic properties cause shortening of the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of the liver and biliary tree. Hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents are one of several classes of contrast agents available for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the liver.
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